October 30, 1340: The Battle of Río Salado The Death of Saint Louis, by 15th century French painter Jean Fouquet, depicts the Eighth Crusade’s inevitable failure (Wikimedia Commons)

October 30, 1270: The Eighth Crusade ends The crash signaled the onset of the Great Depression, a global economic collapse that especially hit industrialized Western nations and those countries dependent on the West for trade and investment and that wouldn’t really end in many places until after the onset of World War II. By July 1932 the Dow Jones Industrial Average stood at just over 40 points, down from roughly 380 in September 1929. October 29, 1929: The “Crash of ‘29,” which began with “Black Thursday” on October 24 and continued with “Black Monday” on October 28, ends with “Black Tuesday.” Over those final two days the stock market lost roughly a quarter of its value. Annually commemorated in Turkey as “Republic Day.”

October 29, 1923: Turkey’s founding father, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, officially declares the country a republic, although it had been functioning as one for over three years by that point. Happy Halloween to those who are celebrating! THESE DAYS IN HISTORY

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